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A. Bài đọc Giải đề IELTS Cambridge 20 – Test 4: Reading Passage 2: Adapting to the effects of climate change
Adapting to the effects of climate change
All around the world, nations are already preparing for, and adapting to, climate change and its impacts. Even if we stopped all CO2 emissions tomorrow, we would continue to see the impact of the CO2 already released since industrial times, with scientists forecasting that global warming would continue for around 40 years. In the meantime, ice caps would continue to melt and sea levels rise. Some countries and regions will suffer more extreme impacts from these changes than others. It’s in these places that innovation is thriving.
In Miami Beach, Florida, USA, seawater isn’t just breaching the island city’s walls, it’s seeping up through the ground, so the only way to save the city is to lift it up above sea level. Starting in the lowest and most vulnerable neighbourhoods, roads have been raised by as much as 61 centimetres. The elevation work was carried out as part of Miami Beach’s ambitious but much-needed stormwater-management programme. In addition to the road adaptations, the city has set up new pumps that can remove up to 75,000 litres of water per minute. In the face of floods, climate-mitigation strategies have often been overlooked, says Yanira Pineda, a senior sustainability coordinator. She knows that they’re essential and that the job is far from over. ‘We know that in 20, 30, 40 years, we’ll need to go back in there and adjust to the changing environment,’ she says.
Seawalls are a staple strategy for many coastal communities, but on the soft, muddy northern shores of Java, Indonesia, they frequently collapse, further exacerbating coastal erosion. There have been many attempts to restore the island’s coastal mangroves: ecosystems of trees and shrubs that help defend coastal areas by trapping sediment in their net-like root systems, elevating the sea bed and dampening the energy of waves and tidal currents. But Susanna Tol of the not-for-profit organisation Wetlands International says that, while hugely popular, the majority of mangrove-planting projects fail. So, Wetlands International started out with a different approach, building semi-permeable dams, made from bamboo poles and brushwood, to mimic the role of mangrove roots and create favourable conditions for mangroves to grow back naturally. The programme has seen moderate success, mainly in areas with less subsidence. “Unfortunately, traditional infrastructure is often single-solution focused,’ says Tol. ‘For long-term success, it’s critical that we transition towards multifunctional approaches that embed natural processes and that engage and benefit communities and local decision-makers.”
As the floodwaters rose in the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in September 2018, four small houses rose with them. Homes in this part of Vietnam are traditionally built on stilts but these ones had been built to float. The modifications were made by the Buoyant Foundation Project, a not-for-profit organisation that has been researching and retrofitting amphibious houses since 2006. ‘When I started this,’ explains founder Elizabeth English, ‘climate change was not on the tip of CAMBRIDGE 20 IELTS.par everybody’s tongue, but this technology is becoming necessary in places that didn’t previously need it. It’s much cheaper than permanently elevating houses, English explains – about a third of what it would cost to completely replace a building’s foundations. It also avoids the problem of taller houses being at greater risk from wind damage. Another plus comes from the fact that amphibious structures can be sensitively adapted to meet cultural needs and match the kind of houses that are already common in a community.
Bangladesh is especially vulnerable to climate change. Most of the country is less than a metre above sea level and 80 per cent of its land lies on floodplains. ‘Almost 35 million people living on the coastal belt of Bangladesh are currently affected by soil and water salinity,’ says Raisa Chowdhury of the international development organisation ICCO Cooperation. Rather than fighting against it, one project is helping communities adapt to salt-affected soils. ICCO Cooperation has been working with 10,000 farmers in Bangladesh to start cultivating naturally salt-tolerant crops in the region. Certain varieties of carrot, potato, kohlrabi, cabbage and beetroot have been found to be better suited to salty soil than the rice and wheat that is typically grown there. Chowdhury says that the results are very visible, comparing a barren plot of land to the ‘beautiful, lush green vegetable garden’ sitting beside it, in which he and his team have been working with the farmers. Since the project began, farmers trained in saline agriculture have reported increases of two to three more harvests per year.
Greg Spotts from Los Angeles (LA) in the USA is chief sustainability officer of the city’s street services department. He leads the Cool Streets LA programme, a series of pilot projects, which include the planting of trees and the installation of a ‘cool pavement’ system, designed to help reach the city’s goal of bringing down its average temperature by 1.5°C. ‘Urban cooling is literally a matter of life and death for our future in LA,’ says Spotts. Using a Geographic Information System data mapping tool, the programme identified streets with low tree canopy cover in three of the city’s neighbourhoods and covered them with a light-grey, light-reflecting coating, which had already been shown to lower road surface temperature in Los Angeles by 6°C. Spotts says one of these streets, in the Winnetka neighbourhood of San Fernando Valley, can now be seen as a pale crescent, the only cool spot on an otherwise red thermal image, from the International Space Station.
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Column 1 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
14. how a type of plant functions as a natural protection for coastlines | ||||||
15. a prediction about how long it could take to stop noticing the effects of climate change | ||||||
16. a reference to the fact that a solution is particularly cost-effective | ||||||
17. a mention of a technology used to locate areas most in need of intervention |
Questions 18-22
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
18. The stormwater-management programme in Miami Beach has involved the installation of efficient 18.
19. The construction of 19. was the first stage of a project to ensure the success of mangroves in Indonesia.
20. As a response to rising floodwaters in the Mekong Delta, a not-for-profit organisation has been building houses that can 20.
21. Rising sea levels in Bangladesh have made it necessary to introduce various 21. that are suitable for areas of high salt content.
22. A project in LA has increased the number of 22. on the city's streets.
Questions 23-26
Look at the following statements (Questions 23-26) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-E.
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
B. Đáp án và giải thích chi tiết
Questions 14-17: Dạng Matching Phrases Cách làm:
Note: Làm dạng bài này cuối cùng, sau khi đã hiểu được nội dung chính cả bài Một số đoạn văn có thể chứa 2 mẩu thông tin | |
Câu 14: Describe how a specific type of plant serves as a natural form of protection for coastlines. Hệ sinh thái cây đước giúp bảo vệ khu vực bờ biển bằng cách tóm lấy các cặn lắng. => Đáp án là D | Đoạn D: There have been many attempts to restore the island’s coastal mangroves: ecosystems of trees and shrubs that help defend coastal areas by trapping sediment in their net-like root systems, elevating the sea bed and dampening the energy of waves and tidal currents. |
Câu 15: a prediction about how long it could take to stop noticing the effects of climate change Nếu chúng ta dừng xả CO2 ngay lập tức thì vẫn có thể nhận ra tác động của biến đổi khí hậu trong 40 năm nữa. => đây là 1 dự đoán về thời gian cần thiết để không nhạ ra tác động của biến đổi khí hậu => Đáp án là A | Đoạn A: Even if we stopped all CO2 emissions tomorrow, we would continue to see the impact of the CO2 already released since industrial times, with scientists forecasting that global warming would continue for around 40 years |
Câu 16: a reference to the fact that a solution is particularly cost-effective Phương án (solution) ở đây chính là các ngôi nhà lưỡng cư (bám đất nhưng có thể nổi khi lũ đến) và nó chỉ rẻ bằng ⅓ chi phí cho việc thay thế toàn bộ móng nhà. => Đáp án là D | Đoạn D: The modifications were made by the Buoyant Foundation Project, a non-profit organization that has been researching and retrofitting amphibious houses since 2006…. This technology is becoming necessary in places that didn’t previously need it, and it’s much cheaper than permanently elevating houses. English explains that it costs about a third of what it would cost to completely replace a building’s foundations. |
Câu 17: a mention of a technology used to locate areas most in need of intervention Công nghệ Geographic Information System data được dùng để nhận diện những nơi có diện tích cây che phủ thấp và phủ lên 1 tấm chắn màu ghi, phản sáng… => Đáp án là F | Đoạn F: …Using a Geographic Information System data mapping tool, the programme identified streets with low tree canopy cover in three of the city’s neighbourhoods and covered them with a light-grey, light-reflecting coating, …. |
Questions 18-22: Dạng Sentence Completion Cách làm:
| |
Câu 18: The stormwater-management programme in Miami Beach has involved the installation of efficient________ Dự án stormwater-management programme bao gồm việc nâng cấp đường và lắp đặt thêm các máy bơm hiệu suất cao. => Đáp án là pumps | Đoạn B: In Miami Beach, Florida, USA, seawater isn’t just breaching the island city’s walls, it’s seeping up through the ground, so the only way to save the city is to lift it up above sea level. …. …The elevation work was carried out as part of Miami Beach’s ambitious but much-needed stormwater management programme. In addition to the road adaptations, the city has set up new pumps that can remove up to 75,000 litres of water per minute. |
Câu 19: The construction of _____ was the first stage of a project to ensure the success of mangroves in Indonesia. “Đa số dự án trước thất bại, do đó Wetlands quyết định làm 1 cách khác” => Điều này tương đương với việc dự án tiếp theo muốn đảm bảo sự thành công. Và dự án đó bắt đầu với việc xây dựng các con đập bán thẩm thấu (nửa thẩm thấu nửa không) => Đáp án là dams | Đoạn C: But Susanna Tol of the not-for-profit organisation Wetlands International says that, while hugely popular, the majority of mangrove-planting projects fail. So, Wetlands International started out with a different approach, building semi-permeable dams, made from bamboo poles and brushwood, …. |
Câu 20: As a response to rising floodwaters in the Mekong Delta, a not-for-profit organisation has been building houses that can______ . Sự điều chỉnh này được làm bởi Buoyant Foundation Project. => hàm ý điều chỉnh những ngôi nhà bình thường (được xây trên cột) bằng cách làm cho nó có thể nổi (built to float) để chống trọi với lũ lụt => Đáp án là float | Đoạn D As the floodwaters rose in the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in September 2018, four small houses rose with them. Homes in this part of Vietnam are traditionally built on stilts but these ones had been built to float. The modifications were made by the Buoyant Foundation Project, a not-for-profit organisation that has… |
Câu 21: Rising sea levels in Bangladesh have made it necessary to introduce various ()_____ that are suitable for areas of high salt content. Trung bình cả đất nước Bangladesh chỉ cao hơn mực nước biển ~1m, kết hợp với nội dung của đoạn D về việc lũ lụt bằng từ ESPECIALLY (ĐẶC BIỆT LÀ) => có thể thấy Bangladesh cũng đang gặp vấn đề về lụt lội. ICCO Cooperation đang sản xuất các loại cây chịu mặn để thích ứng = cây phù hợp cho khu vực mặn. => Đáp án là crops | Đoạn E Bangladesh is especially vulnerable to climate change. Most of the country is less than a metre above sea level …..….Rather than fighting against it, one project is helping communities adapt to salt-affected soils. ICCO Cooperation has been working with 10,000 farmers in Bangladesh to start cultivating naturally salt-tolerant crops in the region….. |
Câu 22: A project in LA has increased the number of _____ on the city’s streets. Có 2 thứ mà dự án làm được đó là TRỒNG THÊM (1) cây và LẮP ĐẶT (2) hệ thống vỉa hè mát => chỉ có cây là có thể tăng lên về số lượng (number) => Đáp án là trees | Đoạn F: He leads the Cool Streets LA programme, a series of pilot projects, which include the planting of trees and the installation of a ‘cool pavement’ system, designed to help reach the city’s goal of bringing down its average temperature by 1.5°C. |
Questions 23-26: Dạng Matching Names Cách làm:
Note:
| |
Câu 23: It is essential to adopt strategies which involve and help residents of the region. Tol nói “Việc chuyển sang một cách thức đa chức năng mà có kết hợp với và tạo lợi ích cho cộng đồng “ => Đáp án là B: Susanna Tol | Đoạn C: Susanna Tol of the not-for-profit organisation Wetlands International says that, while hugely popular, the majority of mangrove-planting projects fail….. ‘Unfortunately, traditional infrastructure is often single-solution focused,’ says Tol. ‘For long-term success, it’s critical that we transition towards multifunctional approaches that embed natural processes and that engage and benefit communities and local decision-makers.’ |
Câu 24: Interventions which reduce heat are absolutely vital for our survival in this location. Việc giảm nhiệt là vấn đề sống còn của thành phố và Greg Spotts làm điều đó bằng cách trồng thêm cây và hệ thống làm mát vỉa hè => Đáp án là E: Greg Spotts | Đoạn F: Greg Spotts from Los Angeles (LA) in the USA is chief sustainability officer of the city’s street services department. He leads the Cool Streets LA programme, a series of pilot projects, which include the planting of trees and the installation of a ‘cool pavement’ system, designed to help reach the city’s goal of bringing down its average temperature by 1.5°C. ‘Urban cooling is literally a matter of life and death for our future in LA,’ says Spotts. Using a Geographic Information System data |
Câu 25: More work will need to be done in future decades to deal with the impact of rising water levels. Công việc này còn rất lâu mới được coi là hoàn thành và chúng ta có thể phải quay lại sau 20,30,40 năm nữa để thay đổi lại chiến thuật cho phù hợp với sự thay đổi môi trường => Đáp án là A: Yanira Pineda | Đoạn B: ..In the face of floods, climate-mitigation strategies have often been overlooked, says Yanira Pineda, a senior sustainability coordinator. She knows that they’re essential and that the job is far from over. ‘We know that in 20, 30, 40 years, we’ll need to go back in there and adjust to the changing environment,’ she says. |
Câu 26: The number of locations requiring action to adapt to flooding has grown in recent years. Elizabeth English nói răng khi mới bắt đầu, không có nhiều người thực sự quan tâm nhưng dần dần công nghệ này trở nên cần thiết ở những nơi mà trước đây không cần nó => số lượng khu vực cần nó ngày càng tăng lên ‘Công nghệ này’ chính là công nghệ xây nhà nổi giúp những người ở vùng lụt. => Đáp án là C: Elizabeth English | Đoạn D: As the floodwaters rose in the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in September 2018, four small houses rose with them. Homes in this part of Vietnam are traditionally built on stilts but these ones had been built to float. The modifications were made by the Buoyant Foundation Project, a not-for-profit organisation that has been researching and retrofitting amphibious houses since 2006. ‘When I started this,’ explains founder Elizabeth English, ‘climate change was not on the tip of everybody’s tongue, but this technology is becoming necessary in places that didn’t previously need it.’ |
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