Giải đáp án How baby talk gives infant brains a boost IELTS Reading

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How baby talk gives infant brains a boost IELTS Reading

Bài đọc How baby talk gives infant brains a boost IELTS Reading

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

A. The typical way of talking to a baby – high-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious – is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how ‘baby talk’ impacts on learning. Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the basic building blocks of their family’s native tongue.

B. Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain – for instance, studies suggest that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infant-directed speech influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science behind baby talk.

C. Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers – and that’s perfectly OK, according to a new study. Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that moms do exactly what you’d expect and what’s been described many times over,’ VanDam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.’ Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public. ‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

D. Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. ‘Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to more adult talk or standard speech,’ says Nairán Ramirez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds. ‘The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

E. Another study suggests that parents might want to pair their youngsters up so they can babble more with their own kind. Researchers from McGill University and Université du Québec à Montréal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents. They played repeating vowel sounds made by a special synthesizing device that mimicked sounds made by either an adult woman or another baby. This way, only the impact of the auditory cues was observed. The team then measured how long each type of sound held the infants’ attention. They found that the ‘infant’ sounds held babies’ attention nearly 40 percent longer. The baby noises also induced more reactions in the listening infants, like smiling or lip moving, which approximates sound making. The team theorizes that this attraction to other infant sounds could help launch the learning process that leads to speech. ‘It may be some property of the sound that is just drawing their attention,’ says study co-author Linda Polka. ‘Or maybe they are really interested in that particular type of sound because they are starting to focus on their own ability to make sounds. We are speculating here but it might catch their attention because they recognize it as a sound they could possibly make.’

F. In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups – seven months and eleven and a half months – were played a number of syllables from both their native language (English) and a non-native tongue (Spanish). The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. ‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words” says co-author Patricia Kuhl. Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds. The study may have also uncovered a process by which babies recognize differences between their native language and other tongues.

Question 14-17:
Look at the following ideas (Questions 14-17) and the list of researchers below.
Match each idea with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of Researchers
A Mark VanDam
B Nairán Ramirez-Esparza
C Patricia Kuhl

14. the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them
15. the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech
16. the advantage for the baby of having two parents each speaking in a different way
17. the connection between the amount of baby talk babies hear and how much vocalising they do themselves.

Questions 18-23
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

Research into how parents talk to babies

Researchers at Washington State University used 18 , together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day. The study revealed that 19 tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies. According to an idea known as the 20 , they may use a more adult type of speech to prepare infants for the language they will hear outside the family home. According to the researchers, hearing baby talk from one parent and ‘normal’ language from the other expands the baby’s 21 of types of speech which they can practise.Meanwhile, another study carried out by scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound using special 22 that the babies were equipped with. When they studied the babies again at age two, they found that those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger 23 than those who had not.

Questions 24-26:
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

24. a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.
25. an example of what some parents do for their baby’s benefit before birth
26. a mention of babies’ preference for the sounds that other babies make

Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu

Đáp án và giải thích đáp án chi tiết How baby talk gives infant brains a boost IELTS Reading

14. B

21. repertoire

15. C

22. vests

16. A

23. vocabulary

17. B

24. F

18. recording devices

25. A

19. fathers / dads

26. E

20. bridge hypothesis

 

Giải thích đáp án chi tiết How baby talk gives infant brains a boost IELTS Reading

Questions 14-17: Dạng Matching Names

Cách làm: 

  • Bước 1: Đọc list các tên riêng đề bài cho

  • Bước 2: Xác định vị trí các tên riêng trong đoạn văn

  • Bước 3: Scan 2-3 dòng trước và sau tên riêng để tìm ra thông tin liên quan

  • Bước 4: Đối chiếu với list thông tin đề bài cho và nối

Note: 

Một số tên riêng có thể nối với nhiều hơn 1 đáp án

14.  the importance of adults giving babies individual attention when talking to them

Ramirez-Esparza nhấn mạnh rằng nói chuyện 1-1 bằng baby talk giúp trẻ phát triển ngôn ngữ tốt hơn.

Đáp án B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza

Đoạn D:

says Nairán Ramirez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,’ she adds. ‘The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life.’

15.  the connection between what babies hear and their own efforts to create speech

Patricia Kuhl thực hiện nghiên cứu cho thấy nghe âm thanh giúp não trẻ chuẩn bị tập nói.

Đáp án C. Patricia Kuhl

Đoạn F: 

The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. ‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words” says co-author Patricia Kuhl.

16. the advantage for the baby of having two parents each speaking in a different way

VanDam giải thích rằng mẹ nói kiểu này, bố nói kiểu khác giúp trẻ có vốn ngôn ngữ phong phú hơn.

Đáp án A. Mark VanDam

Đoạn C:

The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

17. the connection between the amount of baby talk babies hear and how much vocalising they do themselves.

Nghiên cứu của Ramirez-Esparza chỉ ra càng nghe nhiều baby talk, trẻ càng bập bẹ nhiều.

Đáp án B. Nairán Ramirez-Esparza

Đoạn D:

The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. ‘Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to more adult talk or standard speech,’ says Nairán Ramirez-Esparza

Questions 18-23: Dạng Summary Completion without a wordlist 

Cách làm: 

Bước 1: Khoanh tròn giới hạn từ được điền và xác định từ loại (danh, động, tính, trạng) và loại thông tin (con người, con số) cho mỗi chỗ trống 

Bước 2: Xác định các đoạn văn chứa thông tin cần tóm tắt (tìm paraphrase điểm bắt đầu và điểm kết thúc) 

Bước 3: Scan đoạn văn và tìm ra nét nghĩa tương đồng 

Bước 4: Điền đáp án vào chỗ trống, chú ý giới hạn từ cho phép 

Researchers at Washington State University used 18……………………………, together with specialised computer programs, to analyse how parents interacted with their babies during a normal day.

Từ cần điền là danh từ vì nó là tân ngữ của động từ “used”, chỉ các công cụ mà các nhà nghiên cứu sử dụng để ghi lại tương tác giữa cha mẹ và trẻ.

Washington State sử dụng thiết bị ghi âm để phân tích tương tác giữa cha mẹ và trẻ.

Đáp án là recording devices.

Đoạn C:

Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day.

The study revealed that 19………………………… tended not to modify their ordinary speech patterns when interacting with their babies.

Từ cần điền là danh từ vì nó đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề, nói về nhóm người không thay đổi kiểu nói khi giao tiếp với trẻ.

Nghiên cứu cho thấy bố không thay đổi giọng như mẹ khi nói chuyện với trẻ.

Đáp án là dads

Đoạn C:

Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.

According to an idea known as the 20……………………….., they may use a more adult type of speech to prepare infants for the language they will hear outside the family home.

Từ cần điền là danh từ vì nó đứng sau cụm “an idea known as…”, nên cần một tên gọi cụ thể cho giả thuyết, thường là danh từ.

Giả thuyết cho rằng bố dùng ngôn ngữ giống ngoài xã hội để giúp trẻ quen dần.

Đáp án là bridge hypothesis.

Đoạn C:

Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public. ‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

According to the researchers, hearing baby talk from one parent and ‘normal’ language from the other expands the baby’s 21………………………… of types of speech which they can practise.

Từ cần điền là danh từ vì nó theo sau “baby’s” ở dạng sở hữu cách, cho thấy cần một danh từ để biểu thị thứ mà đứa trẻ “sở hữu” – trong trường hợp này là “vốn ngôn ngữ”.

Nghe hai kiểu nói từ mẹ và bố giúp trẻ có vốn ngôn ngữ đa dạng hơn.

Đáp án là repertoire

Đoạn C:

‘The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.

Meanwhile, another study carried out by scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound using special 22…………… that the babies were equipped with.

Từ cần điền là danh từ vì nó là tân ngữ của động từ bị động “equipped with”, cho biết các vật dụng được dùng để ghi âm âm thanh trẻ nghe được.

Trong nghiên cứu khác, trẻ được trang bị áo ghi âm âm thanh và lời nói.

Đáp án là vests

Đoạn D:

Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day.

When they studied the babies again at age two, they found that those who had heard a lot of baby talk in infancy had a much larger 23………………… than those who had not.

Từ cần điền là danh từ vì nó đứng sau cụm “a much larger…” trong cấu trúc so sánh hơn, dùng để chỉ một khái niệm trừu tượng – vốn từ vựng của trẻ.

Kết quả cho thấy trẻ nghe nhiều baby talk có vốn từ lớn hơn lúc 2 tuổi.

Đáp án là vocabulary

Đoạn D:

And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Questions 24-26: Dạng Matching Information

Cách làm: 

Bước 1: Đọc list các cụm từ đề bài cho, xác định organizing words & content words

Bước 2: Scan từ khóa trong các đoạn văn và tìm ra nét nghĩa tương đồng

Bước 3: Hoàn thành đáp án với các kí tự A, B, C … ám chỉ từng đoạn văn

Note: 

Làm dạng bài này cuối cùng, sau khi đã hiểu được nội dung chính cả bài

Một số đoạn văn có thể chứa 2 mẩu thông tin

24.  a reference to a change which occurs in babies’ brain activity before the end of their first year.

Đoạn F nói về hoạt động não của trẻ 7 tháng và 11,5 tháng khác nhau khi nghe tiếng mẹ đẻ và tiếng nước ngoài.

Đáp án là F

Đoạn F:

‘Finding activation in motor areas the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds.

25. an example of what some parents do for their baby’s benefit before birth

Một số bố mẹ bật nhạc cổ điển cho em bé nghe khi còn trong bụng.

Đáp án là A

Đoạn A:

Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies.

26. a mention of babies’ preference for the sounds that other babies make.

Nghiên cứu cho thấy trẻ thích âm thanh từ em bé hơn là người lớn.

Đáp án là E

Đoạn E:

Researchers from McGill University and Université du Québec à Montréal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents.

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