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Bài đọc Bovids IELTS Reading
Bovids
A. The family of mammals called bovids belongs to the Artiodactyl class, which also includes giraffes. Bovids are a highly diverse group consisting of 137 species, some of which are man’s most important domestic animals.
B. Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian islands, but they are by far the most numerous and diverse in the latter. Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups with complex social structures. Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species favour open grassland, scrub or desert. This diversity of habitat is also matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal antelope of West Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the massively built bison of North America and Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2m.
C. Despite differences in size and appearance, bovids are united by the possession of certain common features. All species are ruminants, which means that they retain undigested food in their stomachs, and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous: plant-eating “incisors: front teeth herbivorous”.
D. Typically their teeth are highly modified for browsing and grazing: grass or foliage is cropped with the upper lip and lower incisors** (the upper incisors are usually absent), and then ground down by the cheek teeth. As well as having cloven, or split, hooves, the males of ail bovid species and the females of most carry horns. Bovid horns have bony cores covered in a sheath of horny material that is constantly renewed from within; they are unbranched and never shed. They vary in shape and size: the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo may measure around 4 m from tip to tip along the outer curve, while the various gazelles have horns with a variety of elegant curves.
E. Five groups, or sub-families, may be distinguished: Bovinae, Antelope, Caprinae, Cephalophinae and Antilocapridae. The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger bovids, including the African bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. Unlike most other bovids they are all non-territorial. The ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally rare and endangered in the wild, while the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is extinct.
F. The term ‘antelope is not a very precise zoological name – it is used to loosely describe a number of bovids that have followed different lines of development. Antelopes are typically long-legged, fast-running species, often with long horns that may be laid along the back when the animal is in full flight. There are two main sub-groups of antelope: Hippotraginae, which includes the oryx and the addax, and Antilopinae, which generally contains slighter and more graceful animals such as gazelle and the springbok. Antelopes are mainly grassland species, but many have adapted to flooded grasslands: pukus, waterbucks and lechwes are all good at swimming, usually feeding in deep water, while the sitatunga has long, splayed hooves that enable it to walk freely on swampy ground.
G. The sub-family Caprinae includes the sheep and the goat, together with various relatives such as the goral and the tahr. Most are woolly or have long hair. Several species, such as wild goats, chamois and ibex, are agile cliff – and mountain-dwellers. Tolerance of extreme conditions is most marked in this group: Barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic tundra.
H. The duiker of Africa belongs to the Cephalophinae sub-family. It is generally small and solitary, often living in thick forest. Although mainly feeding on grass and leaves, some duikers – unlike most other bovids – are believed to eat insects and feed on dead animal carcasses, and even to kill small animals.
I. The pronghorn is the sole survivor of a New World sub-family of herbivorous ruminants, the Antilocapridae in North America. It is similar in appearance and habits to the Old World antelope. Although greatly reduced in numbers since the arrival of Europeans, and the subsequent enclosure of grasslands, the pronghorn is still found in considerable numbers throughout North America, from Washington State to Mexico. When alarmed by the approach of wolves or other predators, hairs on the pronghorn’s rump stand erect, so showing and emphasizing the white patch there. At this signal, the whole herd gallops off at speed of over 60 km per hour.
Questions 1-3
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1 In which region is the biggest range of bovids to be found?
2 Most bovids have a preference for living in
3 Which of the following features do all bovids have in common?
Questions 4-8
Look at the following characteristics (Questions 4-8) and the list of sub-families below.
Match each characteristic with the correct sub-family, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than onceList of sub-families
A - Antelope
B - Bovinae
C - Caprinae
D - Cephalophinae
Questions 9-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 What is the smallest species of Bovid called?
10 Which species of Bovinae has now died out?
11 What facilitates the movement of the sitatunga over wetland?
12 What sort of terrain do barbary sheep live in?
13 What is the only living member of the Antilocapridae sub-family?
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
Đáp án Bovids IELTS Reading answers
1. D | 8. B |
2. D | 9. (the) royal antelope |
3. C | 10. (the) auroch |
4. C | 11. long, splayed hooves |
5. B | 12. arid deserts |
6. D | 13. (the) pronghorn |
7. A |
Giải thích đáp án chi tiết Bovids IELTS Reading answers
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Questions 1-3: Dạng MCQ Cách làm:
Chứng minh các đáp án ĐÚNG/SAI bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi:
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1 In which region is the biggest range of bovids to be found? | |
D South-east Asia Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Trong đoạn B, bài nói rằng mặc dù bò có mặt ở nhiều nơi như Âu – Á và Đông Nam Á, nhưng ở Đông Nam Á thì số lượng và sự đa dạng là cao nhất. Đáp án đúng là D | Đoạn B: Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian islands, but they are by far the most numerous and diverse in the latter. |
A Africa Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Đoạn B không hề nhắc đến châu Phi là nơi có nhiều loài bò. Đáp án A sai. | Không được đề cập trong bài |
B Eurasia Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Dù bò có mặt ở đây, nhưng không phải là nơi đa dạng nhất. Đáp án B sai. | Đoạn B: Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia |
C North America Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Bắc Mỹ chỉ có một vài loài (bison, pronghorn), không phải nơi đa dạng nhất. Đáp án C sai. | Đoạn I: The pronghorn is the sole survivor of a New World sub-family of herbivorous ruminants, the Antilocapridae in North America. It is similar in appearance and habits to the Old World antelope. |
2 Most bovids have a preference for living in | |
D wide open spaces Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Bài nói rằng mặc dù bò sống được ở nhiều nơi (rừng, tuyết, sa mạc…), nhưng đa số thích sống ở các khu vực trống như đồng cỏ, bụi rậm hoặc sa mạc. Đáp án đúng là D | Đoạn B: Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species favour open grassland, scrub or desert. |
A isolation Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Chỉ một số loài sống đơn độc, không phải phần lớn. Đáp án A sai. | Đoạn B: Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups with complex social structures. |
B small groups Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Không có đề cập đến nhóm nhỏ. Thậm chí có loài sống theo bầy lớn. Đáp án B sai. | Đoạn B: Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups with complex social structures. |
C tropical forest Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Bò có thể sống ở rừng nhiệt đới, nhưng đa số không ưa thích môi trường này. Đáp án C sai. | Đoạn B: Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species favour open grassland, scrub or desert. |
3 Which of the following features do all bovids have in common? | |
C They store food in the body Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Bài nói rằng tất cả các loài bò đều là động vật nhai lại (ruminants) – tức là chúng giữ lại thức ăn chưa tiêu hóa trong dạ dày và ợ lên nhai lại. Đây là cách chúng dự trữ và tiêu hóa thức ăn. Đáp án đúng là C | Đoạn C: All species are ruminants, which means that they retain undigested food in their stomachs, and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous: plant-eating “incisors: front teeth herbivorous |
A Their horns are shot Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Không đúng – nhiều loài có sừng rất dài, ví dụ sừng trâu Ấn Độ dài tới 4m. Đáp án A sai. | Đoạn D: They vary in shape and size: the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo may measure around 4 m from tip to tip along the outer curve, while the various gazelles have horns with a variety of elegant curves. |
B They have upper incisors Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Không đúng – phần lớn các loài không có răng cửa trên. Đáp án B sai. | Doạn D: Typically their teeth are highly modified for browsing and grazing: grass or foliage is cropped with the upper lip and lower incisors** (the upper incisors are usually absent), and then ground down by the cheek teeth. |
D Their hooves are undivided Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Không đúng – chúng có móng chẻ đôi (cloven hooves). | Đoạn D: As well as having cloven, or split, hooves, the males of ail bovid species and the females of most carry horns. |
Questions 4-8: Dạng Matching Names Cách làm:
Note: Một số tên riêng có thể nối với nhiều hơn 1 đáp án | |
4. can endure very harsh environments Giải thích: Nhóm này gồm cừu, dê… có thể sống ở sa mạc khô nóng, vùng núi cao và cả Bắc cực. Đáp án là C | Đoạn G: The sub-family Caprinae includes the sheep and the goat, together with various relatives such as the goral and the tahr. Most are woolly or have long hair. Several species, such as wild goats, chamois and ibex, are agile cliff – and mountain-dwellers. Tolerance of extreme conditions is most marked in this group: Barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic tundra. |
5. includes the ox and the cow Giải thích: Bovinae là nhóm các loài lớn như bò (cattle), trâu (buffalo), bò rừng (bison). Đáp án là B | Đoạn E: The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger bovids, including the African bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. |
6. may supplement its diet with meat Giải thích: Trong đoạn H, bài nói rằng duikers (thuộc nhóm này) ăn không chỉ cỏ mà còn côn trùng, xác động vật, thậm chí giết động vật nhỏ. Đáp án là D | Đoạn H: The duiker of Africa belongs to the Cephalophinae sub-family. It is generally small and solitary, often living in thick forest. Although mainly feeding on grass and leaves, some duikers – unlike most other bovids – are believed to eat insects and feed on dead animal carcasses, and even to kill small animals. |
7. can usually move a speed Giải thích: Antelope là loài chân dài, chạy nhanh, thường gặp ở đồng cỏ. Đáp án là A | Đoạn F: Antelopes are typically long-legged, fast-running species, often with long horns that may be laid along the back when the animal is in full flight. |
8. does not defend a particular area of land Giải thích: Bovinae là nhóm không có tính lãnh thổ, không bảo vệ khu vực sinh sống. Đáp án là B | Đoạn E: The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger bovids, including the African bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. Unlike most other bovids they are all non-territorial. |
Questions 9 – 13: Dạng Short answer questions Cách làm:
| |
9 What is the smallest species of Bovid called? Giải thích: Royal antelope cao chỉ 25cm – nhỏ nhất trong họ Bovids. Đáp án là (the) royal antelope | Đoạn B: This diversity of habitat is also matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal antelope of West Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the massively built bison of North America and Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2m. |
10 Which species of Bovinae has now died out? Giải thích: Auroch – tổ tiên bò nhà châu Âu – đã tuyệt chủng. Đáp án là (the) auroch | Đoạn E: The ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally rare and endangered in the wild, while the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is extinct. |
11 What facilitates the movement of the sitatunga over wetland? Giải thích: Móng dài, xòe giúp sitatunga đi trên mặt đất lầy lội mà không bị lún. Đáp án là long, splayed hooves | Đoạn F: Antelopes are mainly grassland species, but many have adapted to flooded grasslands: pukus, waterbucks and lechwes are all good at swimming, usually feeding in deep water, while the sitatunga has long, splayed hooves that enable it to walk freely on swampy ground. |
12 What sort of terrain do barbary sheep live in? Giải thích: Barbary sheep sống ở vùng sa mạc khô cằn. Đáp án là arid deserts | Đoạn G: Barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic tundra. |
13 What is the only living member of the Antilocapridae sub-family? Giải thích: Pronghorn là loài duy nhất còn tồn tại của nhóm này ở Bắc Mỹ. Đáp án là | Đoạn I: The pronghorn is the sole survivor of a New World sub-family of herbivorous ruminants, the Antilocapridae in North America. It is similar in appearance and habits to the Old World antelope. |
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