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Bài đọc Follow your nose IELTS Reading
Follow your nose
- Aromatherapy is the most widely used complementary therapy in the National Health Service, and doctors use it most often for treating dementia. For elderly patients who have difficulty interacting verbally, and to whom conventional medicine has little to offer, aromatherapy can bring benefits in terms of better sleep, improved motivation, and less disturbed behaviour. So the thinking goes. But last year, a systematic review of health care databases found almost no evidence that aromatherapy is effective in the treatment of dementia. Other findings suggest that aromatherapy works only if you believe it will. In fact, the only research that has unequivocally shown it to have an effect has been carried out on animals.
- Behavioural studies have consistently shown that odours elicit emotional memories far more readily than other sensory cues. And earlier this year, Rachel Herz, of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and colleagues peered into people’s heads using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to corroborate that. They scanned the brains of five women while they either looked at a photo of a bottle of perfume that evoked a pleasant memory for them, or smelled that perfume. One woman, for instance, remembered how as a child living in Paris—she would watch with excitement as her mother dressed to go out and sprayed herself with that perfume. The women themselves described the perfume as far more evocative than the photo, and Herz and co-workers found that the scent did indeed activate the amygdala and other brain regions associated with emotion processing far more strongly than the photograph. But the interesting thing was that the memory itself was no better recalled by the odour than by the picture. “People don’t remember any more detail or with any more clarity when the memory is recalled with an odour,” she says. “However, with the odour, you have this intense emotional feeling that’s really visceral.”
- That’s hardly surprising, Herz thinks, given how the brain has evolved. “The way I like to think about it is that emotion and olfaction are essentially the same things,” she says. “The part of the brain that controls emotion literally grew out of the part of the brain that controls smell.” That, she says, probably explains why memories for odours that are associated with intense emotions are so strongly entrenched in us, because the smell was initially a survival skill: a signal to approach or to avoid.
- Eric Vermetten, a psychiatrist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, says that doctors have long known about the potential of smells to act as traumatic reminders, but the evidence has been largely anecdotal. Last year, he and others set out to document it by describing three cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in which patients reported either that a certain smell triggered their flashbacks, or that smell was a feature of the flashback itself. The researchers concluded that odours could be made use of in exposure therapy, or for reconditioning patients’ fear responses.
- After Vermetten presented his findings at a conference, doctors in the audience told him how they had turned this association around and put it to good use. PTSD patients often undergo group therapy, but the therapy itself can expose them to traumatic reminders. “Some clinicians put a strip of vanilla or a strong, pleasant, everyday odorant such as coffee under their patients’ noses, so that they have this continuous olfactory stimulation,” says Vermetten. So armed, the patients seem to be better protected against flashbacks. It’s purely anecdotal, and nobody knows what’s happening in the brain, says Vermetten, but it’s possible that the neural pathways by which the odour elicits the pleasant, everyday memory override the fear-conditioned neural pathways that respond to verbal cues.
- According to Herz, the therapeutic potential of odours could lie in their very unreliability. She has shown with her perfume-bottle experiment that they don’t guarantee any better recall, even if the memories they elicit feel more real. And there’s plenty of research to show that our noses can be tricked, because being predominantly visual and verbal creatures, we put more faith in those other modalities. In 2001, for instance, Gil Morrot, of the National Institute for Agronomic Research in Montpellier, tricked 54 oenology students by secretly colouring a white wine with an odourless red dye just before they were asked to describe the odours of a range of red and white wines. The students described the coloured wine using terms typically reserved for red wines. What’s more, just like experts, they used terms alluding to the wine’s redness and darkness—visual rather than olfactory qualities. Smell, the researchers concluded, cannot be separated from the other senses.
- Last July, Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience in London took that research a step further when they tested people’s response times in naming an odour, either when presented with an image that was associated with the odour or one that was not. So, they asked them to sniff vanilla and simultaneously showed them either a picture of ice cream or of cheese, while scanning their brains in a fMRI machine. People named the smells faster when the picture showed something semantically related to them, and when that happened, a structure called the hippocampus was strongly activated. The researchers’ interpretation was that the hippocampus plays a role in integrating information from the senses— information that the brain then uses to decide what it is perceiving.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for paragraph A, C-E and G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Remembering the past more clearly
ii. Bringing back painful memories
iii. Originally an alarm signal
iv. The physical effects of scent versus image
v. Checking unreliable evidence
vi. Reinforcing one sense with another
vii. Protection against reliving the past
viii. The overriding power of sight and sound
ix. Conflicting views
Example Answer
Paragraph B iv
Paragraph F v
Questions 19 – 24
Look at the following findings (Questions 19-24) and the list of researchers
Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-D.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
A Rachel Hertz
B Eric Vermetten
C Gil Morrot
D Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan
Questions 25 – 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.
25 In the article, what is the opinion about the conventional method of aromatherapy?
26 What is Rachel Hertz’s conclusion?
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
Đáp án Follow your nose IELTS Reading answers
| 14. ix | 20. A |
| 15. iii | 21. D |
| 16. ii | 22. B |
| 17. vii | 23. C |
| 18. vi | 24. A |
| 19. B | 25. C |
| 26. B |
Giải thích đáp án chi tiết Follow your nose IELTS Reading answers
Questions 14- 18: Dạng Matching heading Cách làm:
| |
14. Paragraph A: Heading ix. Conflicting views Đoạn A mở đầu bằng việc nói rằng aromatherapy được dùng rộng rãi trong NHS và bác sĩ hay dùng để điều trị dementia. Sau đó đoạn văn tiếp tục nêu các lợi ích được cho là có thật như ngủ ngon hơn, động lực tốt hơn, bớt rối loạn hành vi. Tuy nhiên, ngay sau đó tác giả lại đưa ra thông tin ngược lại: một systematic review cho thấy gần như không có bằng chứng rằng liệu pháp này hiệu quả với dementia. Rồi lại thêm một ý nữa: một số nghiên cứu cho thấy nó chỉ có tác dụng nếu bệnh nhân tin là nó có tác dụng. | Đoạn A: Aromatherapy is the most widely used complementary therapy in the National Health Service, and doctors use it most often for treating dementia. For elderly patients who have difficulty interacting verbally, and to whom conventional medicine has little to offer, aromatherapy can bring benefits in terms of better sleep, improved motivation, and less disturbed behaviour. So the thinking goes. But last year, a systematic review of health care databases found almost no evidence that aromatherapy is effective in the treatment of dementia. Other findings suggest that aromatherapy works only if you believe it will. |
15. Paragraph C: Heading iii. Originally an alarm signal Đoạn C giải thích lý do vì sao mùi gắn chặt với cảm xúc và ký ức theo góc nhìn tiến hóa. Herz nói rằng phần não kiểm soát cảm xúc “phát triển ra từ” phần não kiểm soát mùi. Sau đó bà giải thích thêm rằng khứu giác lúc ban đầu là một kỹ năng sinh tồn, là tín hiệu giúp con người biết nên tiến tới hay tránh đi. | Đoạn C: “The part of the brain that controls emotion literally grew out of the part of the brain that controls smell.” That, she says, probably explains why memories for odours that are associated with intense emotions are so strongly entrenched in us, because the smell was initially a survival skill: a signal to approach or to avoid. |
16. Paragraph D: Heading ii. Bringing back painful memories Đoạn D nói về nhà nghiên cứu Eric Vermetten, một bác sĩ tâm thần. Ông cho biết từ lâu các bác sĩ đã biết mùi có thể đóng vai trò như một traumatic reminder, nhưng trước đây chủ yếu chỉ là bằng chứng truyền miệng. Sau đó ông và đồng nghiệp mô tả 3 trường hợp PTSD, trong đó bệnh nhân cho biết một số mùi nhất định có thể trigger flashbacks, hoặc mùi là một phần của chính cơn flashback. | Đoạn D: Eric Vermetten, a psychiatrist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, says that doctors have long known about the potential of smells to act as traumatic reminders, but the evidence has been largely anecdotal. Last year, he and others set out to document it by describing three cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in which patients reported either that a certain smell triggered their flashbacks, or that smell was a feature of the flashback itself. |
17. Paragraph E: Heading vii. Protection against reliving the past Đoạn E tiếp tục ý về PTSD nhưng theo hướng ngược lại. Sau khi Vermetten trình bày nghiên cứu của mình, một số bác sĩ nói rằng họ đã tận dụng mối liên hệ mùi–ký ức này để giúp bệnh nhân. Trong group therapy, họ đặt mùi vanilla hoặc mùi dễ chịu quen thuộc như coffee dưới mũi bệnh nhân, tạo một luồng kích thích khứu giác liên tục. | Đoạn E: “Some clinicians put a strip of vanilla or a strong, pleasant, everyday odorant such as coffee under their patients’ noses, so that they have this continuous olfactory stimulation,” says Vermetten. So armed, the patients seem to be better protected against flashbacks. It’s purely anecdotal, and nobody knows what’s happening in the brain, says Vermetten, but it’s possible that the neural pathways by which the odour elicits the pleasant, everyday memory override the fear-conditioned neural pathways that respond to verbal cues. |
18. Paragraph G: Heading vi. Reinforcing one sense with another Đoạn G nói về nghiên cứu của Jay Gottfried và Ray Dolan. Họ cho người tham gia ngửi mùi vanilla và cùng lúc nhìn một bức ảnh. Có lúc bức ảnh liên quan đến mùi (ice cream), có lúc không liên quan (cheese). Kết quả là khi ảnh có liên quan về nghĩa đến mùi, người tham gia gọi tên mùi nhanh hơn. | Đoạn G: People named the smells faster when the picture showed something semantically related to them, and when that happened, a structure called the hippocampus was strongly activated. The researchers’ interpretation was that the hippocampus plays a role in integrating information from the senses— information that the brain then uses to decide what it is perceiving. |
Question 19-24: Dạng Matching Names Cách làm:
Note: Một số tên riêng có thể nối với nhiều hơn 1 đáp án | |
19 Smell can trigger images of horrible events. Từ khóa của câu hỏi là smell, trigger, horrible events. Trong bài đọc, người nghiên cứu liên quan đến PTSD và flashbacks là Eric Vermetten. Mùi làm bệnh nhân nhớ lại các sự kiện chấn thương, đáng sợ trong quá khứ. Đáp án là B. Eric Vermetten | Đoạn D: Eric Vermetten, a psychiatrist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, says that doctors have long known about the potential of smells to act as traumatic reminders, but the evidence has been largely anecdotal. |
20 Memory cannot get sharper by smell. Trong đoạn B, Rachel Herz nói rất rõ rằng khi ký ức được gợi bằng mùi, người ta không nhớ nhiều chi tiết hơn và cũng không nhớ rõ hơn so với khi ký ức được gợi bằng hình ảnh. Đáp án là A. Rachel Herz | Đoạn B: The women themselves described the perfume as far more evocative than the photo, and Herz and co-workers found that the scent did indeed activate the amygdala and other brain regions associated with emotion processing far more strongly than the photograph. But the interesting thing was that the memory itself was no better recalled by the odour than by the picture. “People don’t remember any more detail or with any more clarity when the memory is recalled with an odour,” |
21 When people are given an odour and a picture of something to learn, they will respond more quickly in naming the smell because the stimulus is stronger when two or more senses are involved. Người tham gia được ngửi một mùi và đồng thời nhìn một bức ảnh. Khi ảnh có liên quan nghĩa với mùi, họ đặt tên mùi nhanh hơn. Sau đó nghiên cứu giải thích rằng hippocampus giúp tích hợp thông tin từ các giác quan. Đáp án án là D. Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan | Đoạn G: Last July, Jay Gottfried and Ray Dolan of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience in London took that research a step further when they tested people’s response times in naming an odour, either when presented with an image that was associated with the odour or one that was not. So, they asked them to sniff vanilla and simultaneously showed them either a picture of ice cream or of cheese, while scanning their brains in a fMRI machine. People named the smells faster when the picture showed something semantically related to them, and when that happened, a structure called the hippocampus was strongly activated. The researchers’ interpretation was that the hippocampus plays a role in integrating information from the senses |
22 Pleasant smells counteract unpleasant recollections. Trong đoạn E, bác sĩ sử dụng những mùi dễ chịu, quen thuộc như vanilla hoặc coffee cho bệnh nhân PTSD ngửi trong lúc trị liệu. Kết quả là bệnh nhân có vẻ được bảo vệ khỏi flashbacks. Đáp án là B. Eric Vermetten | Đoạn E: So armed, the patients seem to be better protected against flashbacks. It’s purely anecdotal, and nobody knows what’s happening in the brain, says Vermetten, but it’s possible that the neural pathways by which the odour elicits the pleasant, everyday memory override the fear-conditioned neural pathways that respond to verbal cues. |
23 It is impossible to isolate smell from visual cues. Ở đoạn F, Gil Morrot làm thí nghiệm với 54 sinh viên học về rượu vang. Ông bí mật nhuộm một loại white wine thành màu đỏ bằng một thuốc nhuộm không mùi. Khi mô tả mùi, sinh viên lại dùng những từ vốn dành cho red wine. Điều này cho thấy họ bị ảnh hưởng bởi màu sắc / thị giác, không chỉ riêng mùi. Đáp án là C. Gil Morrot | Đoạn F: In 2001, for instance, Gil Morrot, of the National Institute for Agronomic Research in Montpellier, tricked 54 oenology students by secretly colouring a white wine with an odourless red dye just before they were asked to describe the odours of a range of red and white wines. The students described the coloured wine using terms typically reserved for red wines. What’s more, just like experts, they used terms alluding to the wine’s redness and darkness—visual rather than olfactory qualities. Smell, the researchers concluded, cannot be separated from the other senses. |
24 The part of brain that governs emotion is more stimulated by smell than an image. Ở đoạn B, Rachel Herz và đồng nghiệp quét não phụ nữ bằng fMRI khi họ nhìn hình chai nước hoa hoặc ngửi chính mùi nước hoa đó. Kết quả là mùi hương kích hoạt amygdala và các vùng não liên quan đến xử lý cảm xúc mạnh hơn nhiều so với bức ảnh. Đáp án là A. Rachel Herz | Đoạn B: The women themselves described the perfume as far more evocative than the photo, and Herz and co-workers found that the scent did indeed activate the amygdala and other brain regions associated with emotion processing far more strongly than the photograph. |
Questions X-Y: Dạng MCQ Cách làm:
Chứng minh các đáp án ĐÚNG/SAI bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi:
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25 In the article, what is the opinion about the conventional method of aromatherapy? | |
C People who feel aromatherapy is effective to believe it is useful. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Đoạn A đưa ra nhiều thông tin, nhưng câu then chốt là: “aromatherapy works only if you believe it will.” Điều này cho thấy tác giả đang nghiêng về quan điểm rằng hiệu quả của aromatherapy có thể phụ thuộc vào niềm tin của người dùng. Đáp án đúng là C. | Đoạn A: For elderly patients who have difficulty interacting verbally, and to whom conventional medicine has little to offer, aromatherapy can bring benefits in terms of better sleep, improved motivation, and less disturbed behaviour. So the thinking goes. But last year, a systematic review of health care databases found almost no evidence that aromatherapy is effective in the treatment of dementia. Other findings suggest that aromatherapy works only if you believe it will. |
A Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils extracted from plants. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Phương án A chỉ là định nghĩa bên ngoài về aromatherapy, bài không hề nói tới essential oils extracted from plants. Đáp án A sai. | |
B Evidence has proved that aromatherapy is effective in treating dementia. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Phương án B nói evidence has proved, trong khi bài nói ngược lại: almost no evidence. Đáp án B sai. | |
D Aromatherapy is especially helpful for elderly patients. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Đúng là đầu đoạn có nói nó có thể có lợi cho người già, nhưng đó không phải kết luận cuối cùng vì ngay sau đó bị phủ bởi “almost no evidence”. Đáp án D sai. | |
26 What is Rachel Hertz’s conclusion? | |
B We cannot depend on smell, and people have more confidence insight and spoken or written words. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Đúng là đầu đoạn có nói nó có thể có lợi cho người già, nhưng đó không phải kết luận cuối cùng vì ngay sau đó bị phủ bởi “almost no evidence”. Đáp án B đúng. | Đoạn F: According to Herz, the therapeutic potential of odours could lie in their very unreliability. She has shown with her perfume-bottle experiment that they don’t guarantee any better recall, even if the memories they elicit feel more real. And there’s plenty of research to show that our noses can be tricked, because being predominantly visual and verbal creatures, we put more faith in those other modalities. |
A The area of the brain which activates emotion has the same physiological structure as the part controlling olfaction. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Bài nói phần não kiểm soát cảm xúc “grew out of” phần não kiểm soát khứu giác, chứ không nói hai phần này có “the same physiological structure”. Đây là bẫy paraphrase sai. Đáp án A sai. | |
C Odours can recall real memories even after the perfume-bottle experiment. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Herz không kết luận rằng mùi giúp gợi ký ức thật hơn theo nghĩa chính xác hơn; bà nói chúng feel more real, nhưng không cho recall tốt hơn. Đáp án C sai. | |
D Smell has proved its therapeutic effect over a long time span. Nhận xét:
Cụ thể: Bài không nói smell đã chứng minh hiệu quả trị liệu trong thời gian dài; ngược lại, còn nhấn mạnh bằng chứng yếu, anecdotal, unreliable. Đáp án D sai. | |
Trên đây là phần giải thích đáp án chi tiết cho bài đọc Follow your nose IELTS Reading. Rèn luyện kỹ năng Reading tại chuyên mục IELTS Reading hoặc tìm hiểu các kỹ năng làm IELTS Reading tại Series Kỹ năng làm bài IELTS Reading của IZONE.
