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Bài đọc Ant Intelligence IELTS Reading
When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence.
Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.
Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.’
However, in ants there is no cultural transmission -everything must be encoded in the genes – whereas in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modem human agribusiness.
Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.
Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can’t digest the cellulose in leaves – but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as ‘weeds’, and spread waste to fertilise the crop.
It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants’ nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles – the forcing house of intelligence – the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.
When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson’s magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This ‘megalopolis’ was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.
Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?
Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.
And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a ‘left-right’ sequence of turns or as a ‘compass bearing and distance’ message.
During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals – even without the paint spots used to mark them. It’s no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, ‘In the company of ants’, advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: ‘Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.’
* aphids: small insects of a different species from ants
Luyện tập Ant Intelligence IELTS Reading
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Questions 7-13
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.
Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
| A | aphids | B | agricultural | C | cellulose | D | exchanging |
| E | energy | F | fertilizers | G | food | H | fungi |
| I | growing | J | interbreeding | K | natural | L | other species |
| M | secretions | N | sustainable | O | environment |
Ants as farmers
Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural 8 as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9 . Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 methods, they do not affect the 12 and do not waste 13 .
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
Đáp án Ant Intelligence IELTS Reading
| 1. FALSE | 4. TRUE | 7. C | 10. D |
| 2. TRUE | 5. FALSE | 8. M | 11. N |
| 3. NOT GIVEN | 6. NOT GIVEN | 9. F | 12. O |
| 13. E |
Giải chi tiết Ant Intelligence IELTS Reading
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Questions 1 - 6: Dạng TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN & YES/NO/NOT GIVEN Cách làm:
Chọn đáp án bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi:
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1 Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE |
Ants…use chemical signals to contact one another…Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels |
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2 City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence. Các thông tin trong câu hỏi ĐỀU TÌM ĐƯỢC NỘI DUNG TƯƠNG ỨNG trong bài đọc hay không? => Đều tìm được cả => Loại phương án NOT GIVEN Có thông tin nào trong câu hỏi bị TRÁI NGƯỢC/SAI LỆCH với nội dung bài đọc hay không? => Không, mọi thông tin đều giống nhau Lối sống đô thị (city/urban life) là một yếu tố khuyến khích/đẩy mạnh sự phát triển của trí tuệ ⇒ Đáp án là TRUE |
urban lifestyles – the forcing house of intelligence...the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years... |
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3 Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do. Các thông tin trong câu hỏi ĐỀU TÌM ĐƯỢC NỘI DUNG TƯƠNG ỨNG trong bài đọc hay không? ⇒ Không: Đề bài khẳng định về tốc độ: “build large cities more quickly than humans do” (xây nhanh hơn con người). Trong bài đọc, tác giả chỉ mô tả quy mô và mức độ phức tạp của “thành phố” kiến, không hề nói kiến xây nhanh hay chậm, cũng không có câu nào so sánh tốc độ xây dựng giữa kiến và người. ⇒ Đáp án là NOT GIVEN |
This ‘megalopolis’ was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres. |
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4 Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position. Các thông tin trong câu hỏi ĐỀU TÌM ĐƯỢC NỘI DUNG TƯƠNG ỨNG trong bài đọc hay không? => Đều tìm được cả => Loại phương án NOT GIVEN Có thông tin nào trong câu hỏi bị TRÁI NGƯỢC/SAI LỆCH với nội dung bài đọc hay không? => Không, mọi thông tin đều giống nhau Trong bài: kiến sa mạc kết hợp (integrate) hướng/bearing + khoảng cách/distance và liên tục cập nhật trong đầu → đúng bản chất “tính toán dựa trên khoảng cách và vị trí/hướng để tìm đường ⇒ Đáp án là TRUE |
“Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads.” |
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5 In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.
⇒ Đáp án là FALSE |
Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. |
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6 The essay, ‘In the company of ants, explores ant communication. Các thông tin trong câu hỏi ĐỀU TÌM ĐƯỢC NỘI DUNG TƯƠNG ỨNG trong bài đọc hay không? ⇒ Không: Bài đọc không hề nói essay đó bàn về ant communication (giao tiếp của kiến). Nó chỉ nhắc tên bài essay và một lời khuyên về việc cẩn thận với “little lives”. Không có thông tin xác nhận “explores ant communication”, cũng không có câu nào phủ định điều đó. ⇒ Đáp án là NOT GIVEN |
Edward Wilson, in his essay, ‘In the company of ants’, advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: ‘Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.’ |
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Questions 7-13: Dạng Summary Completion with a wordlist Cách làm:
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edible fungi which convert 7 ____ into a form which they can digest. Từ cần điền là một chất/ vật liệu Trong bài nấm giúp biến một chất mà kiến không tiêu hoá được thành dạng kiến ăn được. Trong bài, chất đó được nói rõ là cellulose (xen-lu-lô) trong lá cây. Cellulose trùng ý C ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là C |
Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. |
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They use their own natural 8____ as weed-killers Từ cần điền là là danh từ số nhiều chỉ các chất tiết ra. Bài nói kiến tiết ra kháng sinh để kiểm soát nấm khác (đóng vai trò như cỏ dại). “kháng sinh do kiến tiết ra” dưới dạng “natural secretions” dùng như weed-killers. secrete antibiotics = M secretions ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là M |
Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as ‘weeds’… |
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use unwanted materials as 9 ___ Từ cần điền là danh từ số nhiều / danh từ chỉ công dụng. Bài nói kiến rải waste (chất thải) để fertilise (bón cho cây/nấm). Fertilise = F fertilizers ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là F |
...and spread waste to fertilise the crop. |
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by 10 ___ species with neighbouring ant colonies Từ cần điền là động từ Bài nói kiến đổi/chia sẻ các “strains” (chủng/giống nấm) với các tổ lân cận để cải thiện nấm. ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là D |
...the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring ant colonies. |
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since they use 11 ___ methods Từ cần điền là cần tính từ để bổ nghĩa cho methods. Tác giả khẳng định trực tiếp phương pháp canh tác của kiến là sustainable (bền vững), rồi giải thích thêm là chúng không phá môi trường và không tiêu tốn năng lượng khổng lồ Sustainable = N sustainable ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là N |
The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. |
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they do not affect the 12 ___ Từ cần điền là danh từ, thứ bị tác động Kiến canh tác theo cách bền vững, không phá huỷ môi trường. Environments = O environments ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là O |
They do not ruin environments … |
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do not waste 13 ___ Từ cần điền là danh từ không đếm được (uncountable noun) kiểu tài nguyên. Bài nói kiến không dùng lượng năng lượng khổng lồ. Summary chuyển ý đó thành “không waste energy” (không lãng phí năng lượng). Energy = E energy ⇒ Đáp án chính xác là E |
They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. |
